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14. [Sweden] |
14. Why did Nicholas II survive the 1905 revolution, but lose his throne in the February/March 1917 revolution? |
14. To what extent was the revolution of Feb / March 1917 in Russia due to the nature of Tsarism and the policies of Nicholas II (1894-1917)? |
14. Compare and contrast the contributions of Lenin and Trotsky to the establishment and development of a communist state in Russia between 1917 and 1924. |
14. Why did Germany and her allies lose the First World War? |
14. Why did Germany sign an armistice with the Allies in November 1918? |
14. In what ways, and for what reasons, did the First World War lead to economic and social changes? Specific examples should be given from one or more European countries for the period 1914 to 1930. |
14. Assess the effects of the creation of the Bolshevik Party on Russia up to 1921. |
Analyse the causes and the results until the end of 1917 of the first 1917 revolution in Russia |
15. Analyse the long term and the short term causes of the 1917 February Russian Revolution. |
15. Compare and contrast the part played by Lenin and Trotsky in the development of the USSR between 1918 and 1924. |
Analyse the social and economic changes caused by the First World War in one European country up to 1929 |
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15. Assess the part played by Lenin in the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution and in the new Soviet State until his death in 1924. |
15. What was the impact of the First World War on Russia between 1914 and 1921? |
15. Compare and contrast the nature and results of the two 1917 Russian Revolutions. |
15. How effectively did Stalin deal with domestic opposition between 1924 and 1953? |
How did the treaties which followed the First World War affect Europe up to 1929? |
16. Assess the effects between 1914-1921 of the First World War on the civilian population of one European country. |
16. To what extent did collective security become a victim of economic problems in the inter-war years? |
Lenin wrote “One step forwards two steps back; it happens in the lives of individuals, and in the history of nations”. To what extent can this quotation be applied to Lenin’s revolutionary career and his rule of the USSR 1918-24? |
16. “Unwanted and unloved”. How far do agree with this assessment of the Weimar Republic in Germany between 1918 and 1933? |
16. Compare and contrast the economic problems faced by two European countries between 1919 and 1939. |
16. What were the main factors that enabled Mussolini to rise to power and consolidate his position in Italy between 1918 and 1926? |
16. Analyse the political developments and external relations of either Weimar Germany between 1919 and 1933 or Great Britain between 1918 and 1935. |
16. “The Treaty of Versailles was fatally flawed.” To what extent do you agree with this statement? |
“Lenin succeeded in convincing the Russian people that the path to happiness lay through lawlessness, arbitrary rule and violence”. To what extent does Lenin’s position in, and rule of, the USSR 1918-24 justify this statement? |
17. For what reasons, an in what ways, was a Marxist / Communist state set up in Russia between 1918-1928? |
17. “A century of peace and prosperity.” To what extent is this a valid assessment of either Finland, or one Scandinavian country, in the twentieth century? |
Assess the strength and weakness of Weimar Germany between 1919-32 |
17. Compare and contrast the foreign policies of Hitler and Mussolini. |
17. Analyse the impact of Hitler either on Finland or on one Scandinavian country between 1933 and 1945. |
17. What were the aims and achievements of Stalin’s foreign policy between 1928 and 1941? |
17. Why had Stalin become ruler of the USSR by 1929? |
17. How far do you agree that the principles upon which the League of Nations was based were unsuitable for the political and economic realities of the 1920s? |
To what extent is it true to say that the League of Nations failed (a) Because of its idealistic origins; (b) in spite of its idealistic origins? |
18. Account for the foundation of the League of Nations, and assess its success between 1920-35. |
18. Analyse the main factors which contributed to Hitler’s rise to power in January 1933. |
Compare and contrast totalitarian rule in Hitler’s Germany and Mussolini’s Italy up to 1939 |
18. “He brought his country and his people nothing but harm”. To what extent do you agree with this assessment of Stalin's domestic policies in the USSR between 1929 and 1953? |
18. To what extent were the aims of Mussolini’s domestic and foreign policies achieved between 1923 and 1939? |
18. ‘Hitler’s control and organization of the Nazi State was less effective than is commonly believed.’ To what extent do you agree with this statement? |
18. For what reasons, and with what results, did Mussolini abandon his Stresa Front allies, France and Great Britain, and ally with Hitler in 1936? |
18. How far do you agree that the Spanish Civil War was really an ideological struggle between fascism and communism? |
Assess the success and failures of Mussolini’s domestic policies |
19. Compare and contrast the foreign policies of Hitler and Mussolini up to the outbreak of the Second World War. |
19. Evaluate the domestic policies of Mussolini between 1922 and 1939. |
What were the results of the Spanish Civil War fro Spain and for Europe? |
19. For what reasons, and with what results, did Britain and France pursue a policy of appeasement in the 1930s? |
19. In what ways, and to what extent, did foreign aid to both the Nationalists and the Republicans between 1936 and 1939 contribute to the outcome of the Spanish Civil War? |
19. Why did the policy of "collective security", established by the League of Nations fail to prevent the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939? |
19. Evaluate Hitler’s social, economic and religious policies between 1933 and 1939. |
19. In what ways did Fascism in Italy and Nazism in Germany differ ideologically? |
Analyse the causes and results of either the Spanish Civil War or the Portugese Revolution |
20. Analyse the reasons for the Nationalist victory in the Spanish Civil War. |
20. To what extent was the Spanish Civil War caused by divisions in Spain and in Spanish society? |
Why did international diplomacy play an important part in Europe in the interwar years? |
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20. How important were appeasement and the collapse of the League of Nations as causes of the Second World War? |
20. To what extent was the involvement of foreign powers decisive in securing a Nationalist victory in the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939). |
20. To what extent was the failure and collapse of the League of Nations the cause of the Second World War? |
20. Why, and with what effects on Europe, was the Nazi-Soviet Pact signed in August 1939? |
For what reasons could it be argued that the Second World War in Europe was “Total War”? |
21. Assess the political consquences of the Second World War in two European countries between 1939-1950. |
21. Account for the successes of Nazi Germany in Europe between 1938 and 1942. |
Analyse the effects of the Second World War on the USSR between 1941-48. |
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21. Assess the impact of the foreign policy of either Stalin between 1941 and 1953, or Khrushchev between 1956 and 1964, on the USSR and Europe. |
21. Why, and with what consequences for Europe, was the Warsaw Pact signed in 1955? |
21. Assess the rule of either Franco in Spain or Caetano in Portugal. |
21. Assess the impact of Nikita Khrushchev on both the Soviet Union and Europe between 1953 and 1964. |
Evaluate the impact of Stalin’s policies between 1941-53 on the USSR and on Europe |
22. In what ways, and with what success, did Brezhnev direct domestic and foreign policies in the Soviet Union 1964-1982? |
22. Compare and contrast the parts played in the Cold War by two of the following: Khrushchev; Brezhnev; Gorbachev. |
To what extent was Adenauer responsible for the recovery of Germany in the post Second World War period? |
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22. In what ways, and with what results, did one western European country recover from post-war problems between 1945 and 1970? |
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22. In what ways, and for what reasons, did the Soviet Union’s Cold War policies affect Germany between 1945 and 1961? |
22. Why did it take so long for Great Britain to become a member of the European Economic Community? |
“In spite of the ravages of the Second World War and the anxiety of the Cold War, the period 1945-1990 was one of reconstruction and development in Western Europe”. To what extent do you agree with this statement? |
23. "The Cold War both helped and hindered the recovery of post Second World War Europe" – To what extent do you agree with this judgement? |
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Assess the view that Khrushchev’s policies were a failure both at home and abroad between 1955-1963 |
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23. What were the main political and economic problems faced by one central or eastern European country (excluding USSR) between 1945 and 1990? |
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23. Assess the strengths and weaknesses of France under de Gaulle. |
23. Why was the relationship between western and eastern Europe so hostile between 1946 and 1961? |
Compare and contrast the career and importance of two of the following: Adenauer, De Gaulle, Khrushchev |
24. Examine the success and failures of Tito in Yugoslavia. |
24. For what reasons, and with what results, did communist regimes in Eastern Europe (excluding USSR) collapse (1989-90)? |
Why was Tito able to achieve power in Yugoslavia in 1945, and maintain control until 1980? |
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24. “Considering the difficulties he faced, the success achieved by Gorbachev was remarkable.” To what extent do you agree with this judgment? |
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24. Account for and assess the rise and fall of a Communist regime in either one Eastern or one Central European state excluding the USSR. |
24. Assess the influence of Tito on internal Yugoslav affairs between 1946 and 1970. |
How and why were conditions and patterns of work affected and changed by gender issues during the twentieth century? |
25. In what ways, and with what results, have 20 th Century transport developments changed European work and leisure patterns? |
25. Assess the successes and failures of educational policies in one European country in the twentieth century. |
Evaluate the changes in the lives of women in Europe during the 20 th Century |
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25. Why did twentieth century Europe experience an increase in the availability and popularity of sport and other leisure activities? |
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25. For what reasons, and with what effects, did leisure activities and the media become more widespread and important in one or more European countries during the twentieth century? |
25. “The impetus behind the movement for social and political equality between men and women has gone.” How far do you agree with this statement when analysing the role of the feminist movement in Europe between 1975 and 1990? |
Analyse economic and political developments in one East European country (excluding the USSR) in the second half of the 20 th Century |
