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Dictators: Rise of 20thC Dictators | Rule of 20thC Dictators
Wars: Origins of Wars | WW1 / WW2: origins compared
Tsar Alexander II
Tsar Alexander III
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Early Modern British:
Henry VII | Henry VIII 1509-1529 | Henry VIII 1529-1547 | Edward VI | Mary I | Elizabeth I
Lutheran Reformation | Zwingli/Calvin/ Radicals | Counter-Reformation | Ferdinand/Isabella | Charles I/Phillip II | Ottoman Empire | French Revolution / Napoleon
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ActiveHistory provides entertaining, educational award-winning interactive simulations, decision-making games, self-marking quizzes, high-quality worksheets and detailed lesson plans for teachers and students. View the top 75 activities here.
The Caesar cipher is a substitution cipher in which each letter in the message is 'shifted' a certain number of places down the alphabet. For example, with a shift of 1, A is replaced by B, B would become C, and so on.
shift: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Encoded text:
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Events (500 years ago today): 1521 – Trial of Martin Luther over his teachings begins during the assembly of the Diet of Worms. Initially intimidated, he asks for time to reflect before answering and is given a stay of one day.
Events (50 years ago today): 1971 – The Provisional Government of Bangladesh is formed.
Births (50 years ago today): 1971 – Claire Sweeney, English actress
Deaths (950 years ago today): 1071 – Manuel Komnenos, Byzantine military commander (b. c. 1045)
Deaths (700 years ago today): 1321 – Infanta Branca of Portugal, daughter of King Afonso III of Portugal (b. 1259)
Deaths (100 years ago today): 1921 – Manwel Dimech, Maltese journalist, author, and philosopher (b. 1860)
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